Principal behind working of a computer keyboard

 The principle behind the working of a computer keyboard is based on input devices and electrical circuits. Here's a high-level overview of how a typical computer keyboard functions:

1. Key Matrix: The keyboard is designed in a grid-like structure known as a key matrix. It consists of rows and columns of electrical circuits that intersect at specific points underneath each key.

2. Key Switches: Each key on the keyboard is associated with a mechanical switch located beneath it. When a key is pressed, the corresponding switch is activated.

3. Electrical Contacts: When a key switch is activated, it creates an electrical connection between a specific row and column in the key matrix. This connection is detected by the keyboard's controller.

4. Controller: The keyboard's controller is a microprocessor or a dedicated integrated circuit that manages the keyboard's operations. It continuously scans the key matrix to determine which keys are pressed or released.

5. Scan Code: When a key is pressed, the controller assigns a unique scan code to that key based on its position in the key matrix. The scan code represents the specific key that has been pressed.

6. Communication: The keyboard controller then sends the scan code to the computer through a wired or wireless connection, typically using a standard protocol such as USB (Universal Serial Bus) or Bluetooth.

7. Operating System Recognition: The computer's operating system receives the scan code from the keyboard and translates it into a specific character or command based on the current keyboard layout and language settings.

8. Application Response: The translated character or command is then sent to the active application, such as a word processor or a web browser, which responds accordingly, displaying the corresponding character on the screen or performing the desired action.

9. Key Release: When a key is released, the key switch returns to its original position, breaking the electrical connection in the key matrix. The keyboard controller detects this change and sends a signal indicating that the key has been released.

By following these steps, the computer keyboard enables users to input data and interact with the computer system effectively.

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